The 29th Conference of the Parties (COP29) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) happened on 11th to 22nd  November 2024 in Baku. More than 70 thousand people participated in the conference. 

1. CEN in collaboration with IYCN and Climate Reality Project India and South Asia organized Waste Crisis in Emerging Economies: Tackling Waste Management Challenges in Developing Countries and Highlighting Youth-Led Solutions. On Behalf, CEN Prakash shared the past experiences of CEN working in waste management and the recent practices with different innovation and skill empowerment from the local government, locals, youth, women groups, municipalities, and private sector in Nepal.

2. Engaged as speaker in the Youth Perspectives on the Future of Climate Action and Global Cooperation session organized by GLOCHA in the Digital Innovation Lab. Shared the platform with colleagues from the Global Center on Adaptation, Peaceboat USA, Climate Reality Project, Brazil, Baku, and the International Climate Change Development Initiative. 

3. Organized virtual session Baku to Nepal: Overview of the 1st week of COP29 and Nepal’s Leadership in coordination with the Hon. Minister Ain Bahadur Shahi, Ministry of  Forests and Environment. It was moderated by Anjali Sai Chalise.

Honourable Minister gave his remarks in the lead of the Nepalese delegation in COP 29 as Nepal's active engagement and also organized a high-level dialogue in which Nepal shared the recent incidents of Nepal and urged the need for the mountain agenda to be included in the COP processes. Maheshwar Dhakal Shared in detail how Nepal is lobbying to push the Nepalese agenda in the negotiations. Manjeet Dhakal shared the brief of how the overall negotiations are ongoing and its direction. Ramesh Bhushal shared the perspective that media and journalism need to facilitate and support Nepal's climate change agenda. Dikchhya shared in brief how youth are engaging from a conference of youth to COP and demanding a more inclusive outcome from the COP29.

4. Organized the Nepalese Media and COP29: Driving Advocacy for Climate Justice on 21st November. Many concerns about Nepal's engagement at multiple conferences have led to questions about  Nepal’s leadership and Nepal is still struggling with the capacity/challenges to follow the negotiations leading its agenda at COP though Nepal had more than 165 national delegations at COP29. Session moderated by Shreya K.C. (CEN) followed by the Joint Secretary Sindhu Prasad Dhungana, MoFE, shared in the brief about the challenges faced by the Government leading and following the negotiations as 150+ meetings are happening in a day and parallelly is one of the challenges and others including the bilateral due to lack of pavilion and delegation office. Lal Airi from the Ghorkhapatra highlighted that the media should see through the issues of how Nepal is leading the agenda in the international arena and push on where are we lagging. Krishna Poudel from the National Agency of News highlights that media also needs to be aware ahead of time and share the proper information where media is lagging behind and also highlights the need for CSOs, Youths, and other groups to push the national issues and agendas to support the government.

5. Organized Empowering Communities: Scaling Up Locally Led Adaptation for Climate Resilience in partnership with DCA Nepal (Dan Church Aid) on Nov 21 at SHARE Hub. In moderation of Prakash setting of the context of the needs of LLA to adapt to the climate change impacts and how LLA works at the local level. Nag Dev Yadav from CDFAN gave a presentation in detail about the local innovation practiced in the river basins of Mahottar. Rainwater harvesting ponds, raising seepage water for irrigation and drinking water, and low-cost bioengineering to control erosion in torrents and gullies were some of the examples of the practices done. Yadav shared the results in supporting the livelihood of that area and also shared the learning and the challenges faced in implementing the projects. Elizabeth from Zimbabwe shared the best practices of African communities to use invasive species as biofertilizers as its costly to buy chemical fertilizers and cannot be available easily. She also shared the advantages of using it and increasing the yield of crops. But still, there are a lot of challenges facing due to climate change. Krity Shrestha from DCA shared details about the LLA principles and how DCA is supporting implementation at the local level. Rachel from the YOUNGO shared that YOUNGO has submitted the National Adaptation Plans which is youth-led after going through all the NAPs from different countries. YOUNGO is leading and negotiating with UNFCCC regarding the adaptation issues.

6. High-Level Side Event: Harnessing Sustainable Consumption and Production in NDC 3.0 organized in collaboration with CANSA and Swithc Asia. Rene Van Berkel from Switch Asia shared the presentation on circular economy and its importance for climate change focused on Materials Use Matters for Climate Change. Rene shared the usage of the materials from different sources are directly linked to the emission of the GHGs and climate change. From 1995 (15%, 35 GT)  to 2015 (23%, 49 GT) were contributed to GHGs by the use of different materials. Hon. Romena Khurshid Alam, Prime Minister’s Coordinator on Climate Change and Environment Coordination, Government of Pakistan shared the importance of sustainable consumption and production and its practices. Dr. Achala Abeysingle from the GCF mentions that the GCF is always ready to fund projects for developing countries, LDCs, SIDs, and other nations to adapt and mitigate climate change. To achieve the NDCs of vulnerable countries like LDCs and SIDs, for the Adaptation, Environmental protection, mitigation and to tackle the climate change impacts GCF is actively involved and has financed a total value of 61.1 billion USD for more than 133 countries to date.

7. CAN Daily Briefing for action at COP29

8. Closing Plenary: Youth interventions

9. CSO action: Engaged in multiple actions in the COP

10. Nepal’s Delegation Briefing

11. Engagement in side events and pavilions
    

Major Observations and Findings

The host Azerbaijan contradicts this year’s COP as it is the 2nd largest fossil fuel refinery in the world. Fossil fuel lobbyists were seen at the COP29, Donald Trump's election win, and withdrawal of the Paris Agreement, the ongoing war also impacted the outcome of COP29 which it couldn't deliver what it needed to deliver. This year in COP29, more than 70 thousand people participated. Many parallel sessions, sharing sessions, and side events were ongoing at the same time Negotiations in different agendas as well. This COP was majorly focused on finance however, there was a separate theme assigned each day to highlight its importance. 

In the World Leaders Summit of Scientists, they shared that this year is going to be the hottest on record with the COP failing to limit the global temperature to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Whereas IPCC mentioned in the Cryosphere pavilion that if the current trend of emission continues and sticks in the NDCs then the global temperature will reach 3.5 degrees Celsius where the small island developing states are in a high vulnerability being under the sea level. Countries like the UK, and SWEDEN are ambitious and committed to supporting developing countries, including LDCs and SIDs. During the 6th High-Level Ministerial Dialogue on Climate Finance, Sweden commits around 763 million USD for the GCF and 100+ million USD for the loss and damage fund. Further mentions that NCQG must be ambitious enough to support developing countries. UK mentions nee of a Global financing system and mechanisms is required and NCQG must be deliverable, need for quality finance and accessibility to climate finance by developing countries. Commits to continuation to support the global south for climate resilience.

COP29 could not meet the demand of developing countries including the Least Developed Countries and Small Island States. However, concerted pressure from the most vulnerable developing countries resulted in an improved outcome on some of the agenda on finance: Triple finance to developing countries, from the previous goal of USD 100 billion annually to USD 300 billion annually by 2035 and scaling up finance to developing countries, from public and private sources to USD 1.3 trillion per year by 2035, known as the New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance (NCQG). 

One of the key adaptation agenda items in Baku, the national adaptation plan (NAP) assessment was forwarded to 2025 for further consideration, failing to meet the deadline countries set for themselves back in 2021. The COP29 outcome failed to reiterate a call to phase out fossil fuel subsidies explicitly and represented a step backward in the hard-won UAE energy package consensus.

Significant progress was made on carbon markets, achieving a milestone after nearly a decade of efforts. Countries agreed on the final components necessary for the operation of carbon markets (Article 6.4) under the Paris Agreement, including the mechanisms for country-to-country trading (Article 6.2) and carbon crediting. 

Transparency in climate reporting also saw significant advancements at COP29 in Baku, enhancing the evidence base to strengthen climate policies and identify financing needs. All transparency negotiation items were successfully concluded, with appreciation for the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) tools, technical training, and support provided to developing countries. The UNFCCC's #Together4Transparency initiative underscored the importance of transparency in preparing the 1st Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and recognizing the significance of inclusive meaningful participation of non-party stakeholders.

Parties agreed on a 10-year extension of the Lima work program on gender but missed an opportunity to adopt a more nuanced and intersectional approach to gender issues. Additionally, the NCQG decision does not explicitly address human rights or the imperative of gender-responsive climate finance.

Recommendations

Countries must enhance their NDCs to close the gap between current commitments and the targets needed to limit global warming. Encourage the inclusion of more ambitious short-term targets. Call for developed countries to fulfill their financial commitments, particularly the $1.3 Trillion annual target for climate finance in COP30. Promote innovative financing mechanisms to mobilize additional resources for loss and damage, mitigation and adaptation. Increased investment in adaptation measures is recommended, especially for vulnerable countries and communities. Support the development of national adaptation plans and their integration into broader development strategies.

Promoting Technology Transfer and Capacity Building:

• Foster international cooperation on technology transfer to ensure that developing countries have access to low-carbon and resilient technologies.

• Enhance capacity-building initiatives to strengthen the ability of countries to implement and monitor climate actions.

Strengthening Global Cooperation:

• Emphasize the importance of multilateral cooperation and the role of international organizations in facilitating climate action.

• Encourage partnerships between governments, the private sector, and civil society.

Carbon Market (article 6.2 & 6.4)

• Countries should prioritize increasing and conserving the forest cover and capturing the carbon from the atmosphere

• The outcomes of articles 6.4 and 6.2 should not benefit the carbon-emitting nations to continue emissions rather but encourage to mitigate the fossil fuel subsidies. The carbon tax should be increased to stop the misuse of this agreement.

Climate Finance should be focused on the grants based and the source should be public finance. 

Action Points/Decisions

The disappointment of the COP29 outcome must be acknowledged; it has failed to guide the future of Earth towards a sustainable and healthy planet. People around the world need to raise stronger voices, and developing countries must collaborate with Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) to showcase their development through clean energy, rather than pushing away the LDCs and SIDS. The geopolitical issues surrounding mining and war should be resolved.

Inclusive participation and representation of all stakeholders at the decision-making table are essential. Nepal should focus on strengthening its position by enhancing its capabilities rather than merely increasing the number of delegates. The media plays a crucial role in pressuring leaders, highlighting the achievements of negotiations, showcasing Nepal’s interventions, and delivering positive messages. It should also pressure the developed countries to be accountable.

Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) are vital as watchdogs, pressuring local to international governance and leaders, and supporting sustainable development through ground-level actions and activities. CSOs also play a key role in the international arena by holding world leaders accountable and bringing grassroots stories to international platforms. This can foster collaboration and partnerships with donors and support the integration of national policies and activities.

Each country must submit revised Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by February 2025 which must be ambitious and must include transitioning away from fossil fuels and moving toward clean energy to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Nepal can play a pivotal role by reducing its emissions, focusing on clean energy transition, and setting an example to pressure both developing and developed nations. As civic organizations, we can collect the voices of various communities in Nepal and stakeholders to review NDCs, providing input to encourage the government to integrate these community voices. Continuity in awareness, action, and capacity building is necessary to discuss the outcomes of such conferences and gather collective voices to enhance interventions from local to national and international negotiations in combating climate change.

Encourage to promote the active participation of children & youth, women, people with disabilities, Indigenous people, and marginalized groups in climate action and decision-making.

Together, we can create a sustainable and healthy planet again. Unified action for climate change is crucial, and every stakeholder has a role to play. Governments, private sectors, civil society, media, and individuals must work collaboratively to ensure the commitments made are honored and the necessary steps are taken to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Let's unify for climate action and strive towards a future where global warming is limited, and resilience is built across all communities, particularly the most vulnerable.

Let's unify for climate action.

The Post-COP 29 Sharing Program, held on December 9, 2024, at Dhokaima Cafe, brought together key stakeholders to reflect on Nepal's participation in COP29. Organized by CANSA Nepal and CEN in collaboration with OXFAM in Nepal, Prakriti Resource Center, and ENPHO, the event focused on reviewing Nepal’s achievements and challenges, providing insights into thematic outcomes, and charting a path forward for impactful engagement at COP30 in Brazil.

Photo 1: Prakash Lama, CEN, Welcoming the participation and setting up the context

In the opening remarks of the program agenda, Manjeet Dhakal, Climate Expert and Advisor to the Minister of MoFE provided a comprehensive overview of the outcomes from COP29 and Nepal's strategic engagement. He reflected on the conclusion of a 9-year-long carbon trade (Article 6.4 & 6.2) initiative at COP29, which opens new pathways for progress, even though its successful implementation is challenging in a long-term context. He also addressed the challenges around climate finance, acknowledging some positive steps but highlighting the lack of satisfactory outcomes in this critical area. On the part of mitigation, the UAE Consensus to subsidize the fossil fuel wasn’t discussed in the negotiation due to time bound which was passed for the next year to discuss on this agenda. Furthermore, Mr. Dhakal emphasized the need for research on climate change impacts across various sectors, underscoring the role of CSOs, NGOs, and academia in advocacy efforts. He concluded by mentioning the hearings in the International Court of Justice, in Hague, Netherlands championed by Pacific students, led by Vanuatu, where the Honorable Foreign Minister of Nepal is sharing the disproportionate impacts faced by Nepal. He viewed this case as a potential catalyst for amplifying the call for climate justice and urging major emitters to take responsibility for their emissions and support vulnerable countries in their climate efforts.

Photo: Manjeet Dhakal, Climate Expert and advisor to the Minister of MoFE, sharing the overview of the COP29 (focused on Mitigation)

The program commenced with a welcome speech and opening remarks by Dr. Sindhu Prasad Dhungana, Joint Secretary, MoFE. He emphasized Nepal's efforts to coordinate technical and political leadership in addressing climate change. Highlighting the importance of robust institutional frameworks, he pointed out gaps in preparedness and the need for collaborative approaches to maximize the nation's impact on the global stage.

Photo: Dr. Sindhu Prasad Dhunghana, Joint Secretary, MoFE sharing Nepal’s participation in COP29, challenges, and way forward

Photo: Raju Pandit Chhetri, Executive Director, PRC, sharing brief presentation of the COP29 Outcome and Finance (NCQG)

Raju Pandit Chhetri highlighted both progress and challenges in climate finance and Nepal’s negotiation preparedness at COP29. He discussed advancements under the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG), which aims to scale climate finance to USD 300 billion annually by 2035 and USD 1.3 trillion annually from diverse sources. However, he pointed out the ambiguity in defining climate finance and Nepal's difficulty in accessing funds due to its transition from LDC status and institutional gaps. Many smaller projects, crucial for local adaptation, are deprioritized due to funding thresholds.

He emphasized the importance of institutional strengthening to improve fund mobilization and governance, private sector engagement in adaptation and mitigation projects, and research to build evidence-based advocacy. He noted that Nepal's negotiation efforts were hindered by inadequate coordination, limited capacity, and the absence of a unified stance. While LDCs collectively demanded USD 220 billion annually, their voices were diluted due to a lack of strategic alignment.

To prepare for COP30, he recommended establishing a dedicated climate finance authority, fostering private-sector participation, and aligning national goals with global climate policies. He stressed the need for stronger collaboration across government, civil society, and academia to ensure Nepal’s effective participation in future negotiations. By addressing these gaps, Nepal can better secure resources and influence global climate action.

Thematic Outcome Sharing and Way Forward

The thematic outcomes sharing, successfully moderated by Shreya K.C., Policy Advisor at CEN, provided a dynamic platform for extracting maximum insights from thematic experts. The session encouraged open dialogue and allowed the audience to engage directly with experts on critical issues related to Nepal’s participation in COP29 and the way forward. The session also allowed for an in-depth exploration of Nepal’s challenges and opportunities in various thematic areas, including finance, adaptation, mitigation, gender, youth, and media engagement. Experts representing key thematic areas shared their perspectives, addressed challenges, and proposed actionable solutions to enhance Nepal's climate engagement.

Photo: Shreya K.C., Policy Advisor, CEN,  Facilitating the thematic sharing and discussion

Sandeep Chamling Rai, Global Lead-WWF Nepal, focused on adaptation and loss and damage, discussing progress on the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA), which is set to finalize indicators by COP30. He highlighted the operationalization of the Santiago Network for Loss and Damage (SNLD), which supports vulnerable nations in addressing climate impacts.

Despite these developments, adaptation financing and loss and damage support remain inadequate. He emphasized transformative adaptation approaches that consider future climate scenarios and enhance resilience for both upstream and downstream communities. He also pointed out the need for integrating cultural, biodiversity, and translocation considerations into national adaptation strategies.

Photo: Sandip Chamling Rai (WWF Nepal), Sharing the response to the adaptation and loss & damage outcome

Rajan Thapa, WWF Nepal, shared the critical importance of accountability and transparency in addressing climate change, particularly in the context of the Baku Transparency Report and the Enhancing Transparency Framework (ETP). He highlighted the significant role these tools play in improving the transparency of climate actions and ensuring that all parties meet commitments. Mr. Thapa also pointed out key discussions at the event, focusing on the support needed for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) to build their capacity for transparency and accountability. He noted that the Standing Bodies (SB) must prioritize this support to help vulnerable nations align with global climate goals. Furthermore, Mr. Thapa emphasized that nations must submit their transparency reports by the established deadline of December, as outlined in the Biennial Reporting Templates (BRT). This, he stated, would not only strengthen global cooperation but also ensure that the efforts of all parties are transparent, measurable, and accountable.

Pragya Sherchan, Program Coordinator at PRC, discussed gender dimensions in climate action, emphasizing the extension of the Lima Work Program on Gender for another decade. While gender was recognized as a cross-cutting issue under the Global Goal on Adaptation, she pointed out the resistance from some countries, including Egypt and Saudi Arabia, which weakened discussions on gender-responsive climate finance.

She recommended incorporating gender into adaptation and finance indicators and strengthening advocacy efforts to ensure gender justice. Localizing global gender frameworks, such as the Lima Work Program, and engaging women in decision-making processes were identified as key priorities.

Photo: Pragya Sherchan (left) sharing a response to gender outcome and Aakriti Dotel (right) sharing the Nepalese youth engagement at COP29, challenges, and way forward

Akriti Dotel, Advocacy and Campaign coordinator at NYCA, reflected on youth engagement at COP29, where participation was largely limited to side events and networking. Youth representatives struggled to gain access to negotiation platforms, highlighting a gap in pre-COP capacity-building and resource mobilization.

She stressed the need for meaningful youth involvement in future COPs through training programs, grassroots outreach, and stronger connections between local initiatives and global advocacy. She also emphasized post-COP knowledge sharing to empower communities and amplify youth voices.

Shree Ram Subedi, a Journalist at NRM, highlighted the media’s role in shaping Nepal’s climate narrative. While media coverage of COP29 brought attention to Nepal’s participation, it often focused on peripheral issues rather than substantive outcomes. Subedi called for evidence-based reporting to amplify Nepal’s voice in global forums, promote transparency, and hold policymakers accountable.

He also noted the need for collaboration between media and stakeholders to disseminate climate science effectively and raise awareness of climate finance, adaptation, and mitigation priorities.

Photo: Shree Ram Subedi, Journalist, Response to the Media engagement at COP29, challenges and the way forward

Q&A Highlights

1. Climate Finance and Negotiation Preparedness

• Question by Laxman Khatri, Li-BIRD:

• How can Nepal strengthen its negotiation team and ensure better preparation for COP meetings?

• Which countries opposed the USD 300 billion pledge, and what mechanisms were discussed to implement the finance agenda effectively?

• What are the challenges in addressing biodiversity loss under climate finance frameworks?

• Response by Raju Pandit Chhetri:

• Negotiation preparedness remains a critical gap. Despite efforts to train representatives, many trained individuals could not attend COP29.

• The pledge of USD 300 billion by 2035 lacked clarity and concrete mechanisms for disbursement, with vague language limiting support for LDCs.

• Biodiversity loss requires dedicated frameworks and stronger advocacy to integrate into global finance mechanisms.

2. Adaptation and Loss & Damage

• Question 

• How can Nepal enhance transformative adaptation and address the cultural, biodiversity, and translocation issues linked to loss and damage?

• What does the operationalization of the Santiago Network mean for Nepal?

• Response by Sandeep Chamling Rai, WWF:

• Transformative adaptation should involve upstream and downstream community resilience, considering future climate scenarios.

• The Santiago Network offers a framework for addressing loss and damage, but funding commitments remain weak. Nepal must integrate these mechanisms into national policies and advocate for stronger support.

3. Gender Inclusion in Climate Action

• Question by Shreenidhi from Oxfam Nepal:

• How can Nepal ensure that gender issues are addressed in climate-related policies and funding mechanisms?

• Response by Pragya Sherchan:

• Nepal needs to integrate gender as a measurable indicator in climate adaptation and finance frameworks. Advocacy efforts must address resistance at the international level, such as opposition from some countries to gender-specific policies.

• Gender action plans, like those outlined in the Lima Work Program, should be localized to ensure practical implementation.

4. Youth Engagement and Grassroots Connection

• Question by Samiksha from Sarlahi (Representing Youth Groups):

• What inspired youth participation in COP29, and how can they connect with grassroots communities after the conference?

• How can real victims of climate change be informed and engaged effectively?

• Response by Akriti Dotel:

• Youth participation at COP29 involved side events and networking, but there was a lack of representation in formal negotiations.

• Moving forward, youth must focus on building capacities and linking grassroots knowledge to global advocacy. This includes post-COP outreach programs and stronger pre-COP training initiatives.

Photo: Questions from the floor

5. Role of Media and Transparency

• Question by Barsha Parajuli, NGO Federation:

• Why does Nepal struggle to generate scientific evidence and use case studies to support its climate advocacy?

• How can the media play a more constructive role in climate transparency and communication?

• Response by Shree Ram Subedi:

• Limited institutional coordination and lack of resources hinder Nepal's ability to generate robust scientific evidence.

• Media must focus on data-driven reporting to amplify Nepal’s position in global forums. Proper mobilization of media is essential for effective transparency and advocacy.

6. Policy-Science Integration and Private Sector Engagement

• Question by Nagmendra Dahal, CANSA/NWCF:

• How can Nepal better integrate policy, science, and practice to address climate change?

• What role can the private sector play in adaptation and mitigation efforts?

• Response by Raju Pandit Chhetri:

• Nepal must strengthen the linkage between academia, policy, and grassroots practice. Building human resources and institutional frameworks is key.

• The private sector can contribute significantly to adaptation and mitigation efforts, but targeted programs are needed to encourage MSMEs (micro, small, and medium enterprises) to participate.

Photo: (Left) Shreedhari Pandey Questions from the floor & (right) Raju Pandit Chhetri responding to questions

Takeaway and Suggestions for COP30

The final session involved group discussions on lessons learned and recommendations for COP30 in Brazil. Participants stressed the importance of institutional reform, research-based advocacy, and strategic partnerships to strengthen Nepal’s position on climate finance, adaptation, and mitigation. The integration of mountain diplomacy into the global agenda was seen as a critical step for Nepal to assert its unique vulnerabilities and contributions.

The Post-COP29 Sharing Program highlighted significant achievements, such as advancements in carbon markets and climate finance frameworks, while identifying gaps in adaptation, gender inclusion, and youth participation. Moving forward, Nepal must focus on institutional strengthening, private sector engagement, and grassroots advocacy to effectively address its climate challenges and leverage global platforms for impactful action. 

Photo: Namindra Dahal, (CANSA Nepal Board) Closing Remarks

Key Outcomes and way forward:

Outcomes 

1. Highlighted Nepal’s strategic participation and achievements at COP29, including progress in climate finance and carbon market mechanisms.

2. Identified gaps in access to climate finance, institutional frameworks, and representation of youth and gender in climate action.

3. Fostered collaboration among government, civil society, academia, youth, and media to address climate challenges collectively.

4. Provided thematic insights and actionable recommendations for strengthening Nepal’s climate advocacy and negotiation preparedness.

5. Reinforced the importance of evidence-based advocacy, capacity-building, and grassroots engagement for impactful climate action.

Way Forward

•  Develop robust institutional frameworks to improve access to climate finance, operationalize carbon trading, and address loss and damage effectively.

•   Enhance negotiation preparedness through year-round capacity-building for negotiators, youths, and grassroots stakeholders.

• Strengthen research initiatives and advocate evidence-based policies to support adaptation, mitigation, and biodiversity conservation.

• Foster private sector participation in renewable energy, low-carbon development, and sustainable infrastructure projects.

• Localize and implement gender-responsive and youth-inclusive climate action strategies to ensure equitable representation.

• Leverage media for transparency, awareness, and advocacy to amplify Nepal’s voice in global climate forums.

• Strategically align national policies with global climate goals, prioritizing mountain diplomacy and cohesive stakeholder collaboration for COP30.